如何搭建 MySQL 高可用高性能集群
MySQL NDB Cluster 是 MySQL 的一個高可用、高冗余版本，適用于分布式計算環境。文檔鏈接
搭建集群的前置工作至少準備 3 臺服務器，一臺作為管理服務器，兩臺作為數據服務器和 SQL 服務器，當然有更多的服務器會更好。
管理服務器mgm：192.168.0.105數據服務器ndb1：192.168.0.106數據服務器ndb2：192.168.0.104sql服務器：192.168.0.106sql服務器：192.168.0.104
開始部署集群首先下載 MySQL NDB Cluster二進制文件，解壓縮后開始下面的步驟。
部署管理服務器更新系統
apt update -y && apt upgrade -y && apt install libncurses5 -y
復制 ndb_mgm 和 ndb_mgmd 到管理服務器
scp ./mysql-cluster-gpl-7.6.17-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/bin/ndb_mgm* mgm@192.168.0.105:/home/mgm
在管理服務器復制 ndb_mgm 和 ndb_mgmd 到/usr/local/bin 文件夾
cp -rfv /home/mgm/ndb_mgm* /usr/local/bin
賦予 ndb_mgm 和 ndb_mgmd 可執行權限
chmod +x /usr/local/bin/ndb_mgm*
添加配置文件
mkdir /var/lib/mysql-clustervi /var/lib/mysql-cluster/config.ini
config.ini
[ndbd default]# Options affecting ndbd processes on all data nodes:NoOfReplicas=2 # Number of fragment replicasDataMemory=98M # How much memory to allocate for data storage[ndb_mgmd]# Management process options:HostName=192.168.0.105 # Hostname or IP address of management nodeNodeId=1 # Node ID for this Management nodeDataDir=/var/lib/mysql-cluster # Directory for management node log files[ndbd]# Options for data node 'A': # (one [ndbd] section per data node)HostName=192.168.0.104 # Hostname or IP addressNodeId=2 # Node ID for this data nodeDataDir=/data/mysql-cluster/data # Directory for this data node’s data files[ndbd]# Options for data node 'B”:# (one [ndbd] section per data node)HostName=192.168.0.106 # Hostname or IP addressNodeId=3# Node ID for this data nodeDataDir=/data/mysql-cluster/data# Directory for this data node’s data files[mysqld]# SQL node options:HostName=192.168.0.104 # Hostname or IP address # (additional mysqld connections can be # specified for this node for various # purposes such as running ndb_restore)[mysqld]# SQL node options:HostName=192.168.0.106 # Hostname or IP address # (additional mysqld connections can be # specified for this node for various # purposes such as running ndb_restore)
開啟防火墻，集群管理服務默認使用 1186 端口
ufw allow 22ufw allow 1186ufw enable
初始化并啟動管理服務器
cd /usr/local/bin/ndb_mgmd --initial --configdir=/var/lib/mysql-cluster -f /var/lib/mysql-cluster/config.ini --ndb-nodeid=1
當出現以下結果的時候，表示管理服務器已經啟動成功了
root@mgm:/usr/local/bin# ndb_mgmd --initial --configdir=/var/lib/mysql-cluster -f /var/lib/mysql-cluster/config.ini --ndb-nodeid=1MySQL Cluster Management Server mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17
我們再執行 ndb_mgm 命令，可以查看當前集群的狀態
root@mgm:/usr/local/bin# ndb_mgm-- NDB Cluster -- Management Client --ndb_mgm> showConnected to Management Server at: localhost:1186Cluster Configuration---------------------[ndbd(NDB)]2 node(s)id=2 (not connected, accepting connect from 192.168.0.104)id=3 (not connected, accepting connect from 192.168.0.106)[ndb_mgmd(MGM)]1 node(s)id=1@192.168.0.105 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17)[mysqld(API)]2 node(s)id=4 (not connected, accepting connect from 192.168.0.104)id=5 (not connected, accepting connect from 192.168.0.106)部署數據服務器
在所有數據服務器上執行以下操作
更新系統
apt update -y && apt upgrade -y && apt install libncurses5 -y
開啟防火墻
ufw allow 22ufw allow 2202ufw enable
復制 ndbd 和 ndbmtd 到數據服務器
#復制到192.168.0.106scp ./mysql-cluster-gpl-7.6.17-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/bin/ndbd ndb1@192.168.0.106:/home/ndb1scp ./mysql-cluster-gpl-7.6.17-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/bin/ndbmtd ndb1@192.168.0.106:/home/ndb1#復制到192.168.0.104scp ./mysql-cluster-gpl-7.6.17-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/bin/ndbd ndb2@192.168.0.104:/home/ndb2scp ./mysql-cluster-gpl-7.6.17-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/bin/ndbmtd ndb2@192.168.0.104:/home/ndb2
在管理服務器復制 ndbd 和 ndbmtd 到/usr/local/bin 文件夾
#192.168.0.106cp -rfv /home/ndb1/ndbd /usr/local/bincp -rfv /home/ndb1/ndbmtd /usr/local/bin#192.168.0.104cp -rfv /home/ndb2/ndbd /usr/local/bincp -rfv /home/ndb2/ndbmtd /usr/local/bin
賦予 ndbd 可執行權限
chmod +x /usr/local/bin/ndbdchmod +x /usr/local/bin/ndbmtd
在/etc下加入my.cnf文件
vi /etc/my.cnf
my.cnf文件
[mysqld]# Options for mysqld process:ndbcluster# run NDB storage engine[mysql_cluster]# Options for NDB Cluster processes:ndb-connectstring=192.168.0.105 # location of management server
創建數據保存的目錄，必須與管理服務配置的路徑一致
mkdir -p /data/mysql-cluster/data
啟動數據服務
root@ndb1:/usr/local/bin# ndbd2021-06-20 08:10:23 [ndbd] INFO -- Angel connected to ’192.168.0.105:1186’2021-06-20 08:10:23 [ndbd] INFO -- Angel allocated nodeid: 3
回到集群管理服務器查看集群狀態，此時可以看到數據服務已經連接成功
root@mgm:/usr/local/bin# ndb_mgm-- NDB Cluster -- Management Client --ndb_mgm> showConnected to Management Server at: localhost:1186Cluster Configuration---------------------[ndbd(NDB)] 2 node(s)id=2 (not connected, accepting connect from 192.168.0.104)id=3 @192.168.0.106 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17, starting, Nodegroup: 0)[ndb_mgmd(MGM)] 1 node(s)id=1 @192.168.0.105 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17)[mysqld(API)] 2 node(s)id=4 (not connected, accepting connect from 192.168.0.104)id=5 (not connected, accepting connect from 192.168.0.106)
在另一臺服務器（192.168.0.104）重復 4、5、6、7 步驟的操作，結果可看到
root@ndb2:/usr/local/bin# ndbd2021-06-20 08:20:10 [ndbd] INFO -- Angel connected to ’192.168.0.105:1186’2021-06-20 08:20:10 [ndbd] INFO -- Angel allocated nodeid: 2
回到集群管理服務器查看集群狀態，此時可以看到所有數據服務已經連接成功
root@mgm:/usr/local/bin# ndb_mgm-- NDB Cluster -- Management Client --ndb_mgm> showConnected to Management Server at: localhost:1186Cluster Configuration---------------------[ndbd(NDB)] 2 node(s)id=2 @192.168.0.104 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17, Nodegroup: 0, *)id=3 @192.168.0.106 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17, Nodegroup: 0)[ndb_mgmd(MGM)] 1 node(s)id=1 @192.168.0.105 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17)[mysqld(API)] 2 node(s)id=4 (not connected, accepting connect from 192.168.0.104)id=5 (not connected, accepting connect from 192.168.0.106)在目錄/data/mysql/data下面可以看到數據服務已經產生了數據root@ndb1:~# ls /data/mysql/data/ndb_3_fs ndb_3_out.log ndb_3.pid部署 SQL 服務
復制 MySQL 到SQL服務器
scp ./mysql-cluster-gpl-7.6.17-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz ndb2@192.168.0.104:/home/ndb2scp ./mysql-cluster-gpl-7.6.17-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz ndb1@192.168.0.106:/home/ndb1
解壓縮 MySQL, 然后復制到/usr/local目錄
tar -zxvf mysql-cluster-gpl-7.6.17-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gzcp -rfv mysql-cluster-gpl-7.6.17-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64 /usr/local/ln -snf /usr/local/mysql-cluster-gpl-7.6.17-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64 /usr/local/mysqlcp /usr/local/mysql/support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysql.serverexport PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/mysql/binsource /etc/profile
開啟防火墻
ufw allow 22ufw allow 3306ufw enable
創建 MySQL 數據存放的目錄
mkdir -p /data/mysql/datamkdir -p /data/mysql/runmkdir -p /var/log/mysql
創建 mysql 用戶，創建相關目錄
groupadd mysqluseradd -r -g mysql -s /bin/false mysqlchown mysql:mysql /data/mysql/datachmod 750 /data/mysql/datachown mysql:mysql /data/mysql/runchmod 750 /data/mysql/runchown mysql:mysql /var/log/mysqlchmod 750 /var/log/mysql
創建 MySQL 配置文件
mkdir -p /etc/mysqlvi /etc/mysql/my.cnfmy.cnf[mysqld]# Options for mysqld process:ndbcluster # run NDB storage enginepid-file = /data/mysql/run/mysqld.pidsocket = /data/mysql/run/mysqld.sockdatadir = /data/mysql/data# log-error = /var/log/mysql/error.log# By default we only accept connections from localhostbind-address = 192.168.0.106# Disabling symbolic-links is recommended to prevent assorted security riskssymbolic-links = 0[mysql_cluster]# Options for NDB Cluster processes:ndb-connectstring = 192.168.0.105 # location of management server[client]socket = /data/mysql/run/mysqld.sock
初始化MySQL
/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/etc/mysql/my.cnf --initialize --user=mysql --basedir=/usr/local/mysql
記錄下 MySQL 初始化生成的 root 用戶密碼 sF#Hy,IuT6d#
root@ndb1:~# /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/etc/mysql/my.cnf --initialize --user=mysql --basedir=/usr/local/mysql2021-06-20T12:23:26.874302Z 0 [Warning] TIMESTAMP with implicit DEFAULT value is deprecated. Please use --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp server option (see documentation for more details).2021-06-20T12:23:27.102146Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: New log files created, LSN=457902021-06-20T12:23:27.145317Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: Creating foreign key constraint system tables.2021-06-20T12:23:27.154405Z 0 [Warning] No existing UUID has been found, so we assume that this is the first time that this server has been started. Generating a new UUID: 50a15854-d1c2-11eb-9792-000c29681e23.2021-06-20T12:23:27.155927Z 0 [Warning] Gtid table is not ready to be used. Table ’mysql.gtid_executed’ cannot be opened.2021-06-20T12:23:28.339372Z 0 [Warning] CA certificate ca.pem is self signed.2021-06-20T12:23:28.624534Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: sF#Hy,IuT6d#
啟動MySQL
/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &
修改 root 用戶密碼
mysqladmin -uroot -p’sF#Hy,IuT6d#’ password ’123456’
回到集群管理服務器查看集群狀態，此時可以看到有一個 SQL 服務已經連接上了
root@mgm:/usr/local/bin# ndb_mgm-- NDB Cluster -- Management Client --ndb_mgm> showConnected to Management Server at: localhost:1186Cluster Configuration---------------------[ndbd(NDB)] 2 node(s)id=2 @192.168.0.104 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17, Nodegroup: 0, *)id=3 @192.168.0.106 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17, Nodegroup: 0)[ndb_mgmd(MGM)] 1 node(s)id=1 @192.168.0.105 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17)[mysqld(API)] 2 node(s)id=4 (not connected, accepting connect from 192.168.0.104)id=5 @192.168.0.106 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17)
在另一臺服務器（192.168.0.104）部署 SQL 服務，回到集群管理服務器查看集群狀態，此時可以看到所有 SQL 服務已經連接成功
root@mgm:/usr/local/bin# ndb_mgm-- NDB Cluster -- Management Client --ndb_mgm> showCluster Configuration---------------------[ndbd(NDB)] 2 node(s)id=2 @192.168.0.104 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17, Nodegroup: 0, *)id=3 @192.168.0.106 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17, Nodegroup: 0)[ndb_mgmd(MGM)] 1 node(s)id=1 @192.168.0.105 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17)[mysqld(API)] 2 node(s)id=4 @192.168.0.104 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17)id=5 @192.168.0.106 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17)所有集群服務部署完畢，我們來測試一下集群是否真的部署成功
在 192.168.0.106 的 MySQL 上創建數據庫和表
CREATE DATABASE `wechat`;CREATE TABLE wechat.user (Column1 varchar(100) NULL,Column2 varchar(100) NULL)ENGINE=ndbclusterDEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;插入數據并查看mysql> show databases;+--------------------+| Database |+--------------------+| information_schema || mysql || ndbinfo || performance_schema || sys || wechat |+--------------------+6 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from wechat.user;Empty set (0.02 sec)mysql> insert wechat.user (Column1, column2) value (’1’, ’2’);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)mysql> select * from wechat.user;+---------+---------+| Column1 | Column2 |+---------+---------+| 1 | 2 |+---------+---------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)
在另一個 SQL 服務器查詢，結果是成功的
mysql> show databases;+--------------------+| Database |+--------------------+| information_schema || mysql || ndbinfo || performance_schema || sys || wechat |+--------------------+6 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from wechat.user;Empty set (0.07 sec)mysql> select * from wechat.user;+---------+---------+| Column1 | Column2 |+---------+---------+| 1 | 2 |+---------+---------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)
現在我們把其中一個數據節點關掉，在管理服務器我們看到 ndbd已經關閉一個了
root@mgm:/usr/local/bin# ndb_mgm-- NDB Cluster -- Management Client --ndb_mgm> showConnected to Management Server at: localhost:1186Cluster Configuration---------------------[ndbd(NDB)] 2 node(s)id=2 @192.168.0.104 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17, Nodegroup: 0, *)id=3 (not connected, accepting connect from 192.168.0.106)[ndb_mgmd(MGM)] 1 node(s)id=1 @192.168.0.105 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17)[mysqld(API)] 2 node(s)id=4 @192.168.0.104 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17)id=5 @192.168.0.106 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17)
寫入一筆數據
mysql> select * from wechat.user;+---------+---------+| Column1 | Column2 |+---------+---------+| 1 | 2 |+---------+---------+1 row in set (0.01 sec)mysql> insert into wechat.user (Column1, column2) value (’3’, ’4’);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from wechat.user;+---------+---------+| Column1 | Column2 |+---------+---------+| 3 | 4 || 1 | 2 |+---------+---------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
在另一臺 SQL 服務器查詢，結果還是一致的
mysql> select * from wechat.user;+---------+---------+| Column1 | Column2 |+---------+---------+| 3 | 4 || 1 | 2 |+---------+---------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
我們再關閉 192.168.0.106 SQL服務
root@mgm:/usr/local/bin# ndb_mgm-- NDB Cluster -- Management Client --ndb_mgm> showConnected to Management Server at: localhost:1186Cluster Configuration---------------------[ndbd(NDB)] 2 node(s)id=2 @192.168.0.104 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17, Nodegroup: 0, *)id=3 (not connected, accepting connect from 192.168.0.106)[ndb_mgmd(MGM)] 1 node(s)id=1 @192.168.0.105 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17)[mysqld(API)] 2 node(s)id=4 @192.168.0.104 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17)id=5 (not connected, accepting connect from 192.168.0.106)
在 192.168.0.104 的 SQL 服務寫入一筆數據
mysql> insert into wechat.user (Column1, column2) value (’5’, ’6’);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from wechat.user;+---------+---------+| Column1 | Column2 |+---------+---------+| 5 | 6 || 3 | 4 || 1 | 2 |+---------+---------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
啟動 192.168.0.106 的數據服務和SQL服務
root@mgm:/usr/local/bin# ndb_mgm-- NDB Cluster -- Management Client --ndb_mgm> showConnected to Management Server at: localhost:1186Cluster Configuration---------------------[ndbd(NDB)] 2 node(s)id=2 @192.168.0.104 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17, Nodegroup: 0, *)id=3 @192.168.0.106 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17, Nodegroup: 0)[ndb_mgmd(MGM)] 1 node(s)id=1 @192.168.0.105 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17)[mysqld(API)] 2 node(s)id=4 @192.168.0.104 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17)id=5 @192.168.0.106 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17)
在 192.168.0.106 查詢數據庫發現，發生故障期間產生的數據已經同步了過來
root@ndb1:~# mysql -uroot -pEnter password:Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or g.Your MySQL connection id is 4Server version: 5.7.33-ndb-7.6.17-cluster-gpl MySQL Cluster Community Server (GPL)Copyright (c) 2000, 2021, Oracle and/or its affiliates.Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or itsaffiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respectiveowners.Type ’help;’ or ’h’ for help. Type ’c’ to clear the current input statement.mysql> select * from wechat.user;+---------+---------+| Column1 | Column2 |+---------+---------+| 1 | 2 || 5 | 6 || 3 | 4 |+---------+---------+3 rows in set (0.08 sec)數據庫集群部署成功了，總結一下集群的注意事項 創建表的時候，需要設置ENGINE=ndbcluster，具體請看上面的建表腳本。 每個 SQL 服務需要創建一樣的用戶密碼 管理服務器不能全部發生故障，否則集群數據庫操作失敗。 數據服務器不能全部發生故障，否則集群數據庫操作失敗。 SQL 服務器發生故障期間建立的數據庫，在恢復后不會自動同步新建數據庫過來，需要手動在故障恢復后的服務器上創建同名數據庫，之后數據才會自動同步過來。 只要管理服務器和數據服務器越多，故障發生時，才能保證數據安全的寫入，才不會導致數據庫系統不可用。 SQL 服務器越多，把數據庫訪問的請求通過負載均衡服務分攤到各個 SQL 服務器，才能承受更多的并發量。 集群啟動必須按照以下順序依次啟動，管理服務->數據服務->SQL服務。
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