相比urllib，第三方庫requests更加簡單人性化，是爬蟲工作中常用的庫

初級爬蟲的開始主要是使用requests模塊安裝requests模塊：Windows系統(tǒng)：cmd中：

pip install requests

mac系統(tǒng)中：終端中：

pip3 install requestsrequests庫的基本使用

import requestsurl = ’https://www.csdn.net/’reponse = requests.get(url)#返回unicode格式的數(shù)據(jù)(str) print(reponse.text)

response.text 返回unicode格式的數(shù)據(jù)(str)response.content 返回字節(jié)流數(shù)據(jù)(⼆進制)response.content.decode(‘utf-8’) ⼿動進⾏解碼response.url 返回urlresponse.encode() = ‘編碼’

response.status_code: 檢查響應的狀態(tài)碼

例如：200 : 請求成功301 : 永久重定向302 : 臨時重定向403 : 服務器拒絕請求404 : 請求失敗(服務器⽆法根據(jù)客戶端的請求找到資源（⽹⻚）)500 : 服務器內部請求

# 導入requestsimport requests# 調用requests中的get()方法來向服務器發(fā)送請求，括號內的url參數(shù)就是我們# 需要訪問的網(wǎng)址，然后將獲取到的響應通過變量response保存起來url = ’https://www.csdn.net/’ # csdn官網(wǎng)鏈接鏈接response = requests.get(url)print(response.status_code) # response.status_code: 檢查響應的狀態(tài)碼

200

requests的幾種請求方式：

p = requests.get(url)p = requests.post(url)p = requests.put(url,data={’key’:’value’})p = requests.delete(url)p = requests.head(url)p = requests.options(url)GET請求

HTTP默認的請求方法就是GET* 沒有請求體* 數(shù)據(jù)必須在1K之內！* GET請求數(shù)據(jù)會暴露在瀏覽器的地址欄中

GET請求常用的操作：1. 在瀏覽器的地址欄中直接給出URL，那么就一定是GET請求2. 點擊頁面上的超鏈接也一定是GET請求3. 提交表單時，表單默認使用GET請求，但可以設置為POST

(1). 數(shù)據(jù)不會出現(xiàn)在地址欄中(2). 數(shù)據(jù)的大小沒有上限(3). 有請求體(4). 請求體中如果存在中文，會使用URL編碼！

requests.post()用法與requests.get()完全一致，特殊的是requests.post()有一個data參數(shù)，用來存放請求體數(shù)據(jù)

當我們打開一個網(wǎng)頁時，瀏覽器要向網(wǎng)站服務器發(fā)送一個HTTP請求頭，然后網(wǎng)站服務器根據(jù)HTTP請求頭的內容生成當此請求的內容發(fā)送給服務器。我們可以手動設定請求頭的內容：

import requestsheader = { ’User-Agent’:’Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/79.0.3945.88 Safari/537.36’}url = ’https://www.csdn.net/’reponse = requests.get(url,headers=header)#打印文本形式print(reponse.text)requests設置代理

使⽤requests添加代理只需要在請求⽅法中(get/post)傳遞proxies參數(shù)就可以了

cookie ：通過在客戶端記錄的信息確定⽤戶身份

HTTP是⼀種⽆連接協(xié)議,客戶端和服務器交互僅僅限于 請求/響應過程,結束后 斷開,下⼀次請求時,服務器會認為是⼀個新的客戶端,為了維護他們之間的連接, 讓服務器知道這是前⼀個⽤戶發(fā)起的請求,必須在⼀個地⽅保存客戶端信息。

requests操作Cookies很簡單，只需要指定cookies參數(shù)即可

import requests#這段cookies是從CSDN官網(wǎng)控制臺中復制的header = { ’User-Agent’:’Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/79.0.3945.88 Safari/537.36’, ’cookie’: ’uuid_tt_dd=10_30835064740-1583844255125-466273; dc_session_id=10_1583844255125.696601; __gads=ID=23811027bd34da29:T=1583844256:S=ALNI_MY6f7VlmNJKxrkHd2WKUIBQ34Bbnw; UserName=xdc1812547560; UserInfo=708aa833b2064ba9bb8ab0be63866b58; UserToken=708aa833b2064ba9bb8ab0be63866b58; UserNick=xdc1812547560; AU=F85; UN=xdc1812547560; BT=1590317415705; p_uid=U000000; Hm_ct_6bcd52f51e9b3dce32bec4a3997715ac=6525*1*10_30835064740-1583844255125-466273!5744*1*xdc1812547560; Hm_up_6bcd52f51e9b3dce32bec4a3997715ac=%7B%22islogin%22%3A%7B%22value%22%3A%221%22%2C%22scope%22%3A1%7D%2C%22isonline%22%3A%7B%22value%22%3A%221%22%2C%22scope%22%3A1%7D%2C%22isvip%22%3A%7B%22value%22%3A%220%22%2C%22scope%22%3A1%7D%2C%22uid_%22%3A%7B%22value%22%3A%22xdc1812547560%22%2C%22scope%22%3A1%7D%7D; log_Id_click=1; Hm_lvt_feacd7cde2017fd3b499802fc6a6dbb4=1595575203; Hm_up_feacd7cde2017fd3b499802fc6a6dbb4=%7B%22islogin%22%3A%7B%22value%22%3A%221%22%2C%22scope%22%3A1%7D%2C%22isonline%22%3A%7B%22value%22%3A%221%22%2C%22scope%22%3A1%7D%2C%22isvip%22%3A%7B%22value%22%3A%220%22%2C%22scope%22%3A1%7D%2C%22uid_%22%3A%7B%22value%22%3A%22xdc1812547560%22%2C%22scope%22%3A1%7D%7D; Hm_ct_feacd7cde2017fd3b499802fc6a6dbb4=5744*1*xdc1812547560!6525*1*10_30835064740-1583844255125-466273; Hm_up_facf15707d34a73694bf5c0d571a4a72=%7B%22islogin%22%3A%7B%22value%22%3A%221%22%2C%22scope%22%3A1%7D%2C%22isonline%22%3A%7B%22value%22%3A%221%22%2C%22scope%22%3A1%7D%2C%22isvip%22%3A%7B%22value%22%3A%220%22%2C%22scope%22%3A1%7D%2C%22uid_%22%3A%7B%22value%22%3A%22xdc1812547560%22%2C%22scope%22%3A1%7D%7D; Hm_ct_facf15707d34a73694bf5c0d571a4a72=5744*1*xdc1812547560!6525*1*10_30835064740-1583844255125-466273; announcement=%257B%2522isLogin%2522%253Atrue%252C%2522announcementUrl%2522%253A%2522https%253A%252F%252Flive.csdn.net%252Froom%252Fyzkskaka%252Fats4dBdZ%253Futm_source%253D908346557%2522%252C%2522announcementCount%2522%253A0%257D; Hm_lvt_facf15707d34a73694bf5c0d571a4a72=1596946584,1597134917,1597155835,1597206739; searchHistoryArray=%255B%2522%25E8%258F%259C%25E9%25B8%259FIT%25E5%25A5%25B3%2522%252C%2522%25E5%25AE%25A2%25E6%259C%258D%2522%255D; log_Id_pv=7; log_Id_view=8; dc_sid=c0efd34d6da090a1fccd033091e0dc53; TY_SESSION_ID=7d77f76f-a4b1-43ef-9bb5-0aebee8ee475; c_ref=https%3A//www.baidu.com/link; c_first_ref=www.baidu.com; c_first_page=https%3A//www.csdn.net/; Hm_lvt_6bcd52f51e9b3dce32bec4a3997715ac=1597245305,1597254589,1597290418,1597378513; c_segment=1; dc_tos=qf1jz2; Hm_lpvt_6bcd52f51e9b3dce32bec4a3997715ac=1597387359’}url = ’https://www.csdn.net/’reponse = requests.get(url,headers=header)#打印文本形式print(reponse.text)session

session ：通過在服務端記錄的信息確定⽤戶身份這⾥這個session就是⼀個指 的是會話會話對象是一種高級的用法，可以跨請求保持某些參數(shù)，比如在同一個Session實例之間保存Cookie，像瀏覽器一樣，我們并不需要每次請求Cookie，Session會自動在后續(xù)的請求中添加獲取的Cookie，這種處理方式在同一站點連續(xù)請求中特別方便

什么是SSL證書？SSL證書是數(shù)字證書的⼀種，類似于駕駛證、護照和營業(yè)執(zhí)照的電⼦副本。

因為配置在服務器上，也稱為SSL服務器證書。SSL 證書就是遵守 SSL協(xié) 議，由受信任的數(shù)字證書頒發(fā)機構CA，在驗證服務器身份后頒發(fā)，具有服務 器身份驗證和數(shù)據(jù)傳輸加密功能我們來爬一個證書不太合格的網(wǎng)站

import requestsurl = ’https://inv-veri.chinatax.gov.cn/’resp = requests.get(url)print(resp.text)

它報了一個錯

我們來修改一下代碼

import requestsurl = ’https://inv-veri.chinatax.gov.cn/’resp = requests.get(url,verify = False)print(resp.text)

我們的代碼又能成功爬取了

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